Part 2 — Answer key

Compare your answers after you have finished Part 1.

1. In a basic overview for the "Valor Before Freedom" quiz, you want to name the first widely recognized officially sanctioned Black regiment raised in the Union Army during the Civil War. Which unit should you spotlight?
   54th Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry
2. A trivia card for your "Valor Before Freedom" quiz says that the nickname "Buffalo Soldiers" was first used for African American aviators in World War II. True or False?
   False
3. You are curating a section on World War I for a Black military history exhibit and want to use the official name of the unit nicknamed the "Harlem Hellfighters." Which designation should appear on the label?
   369th Infantry Regiment
4. You are designing the opening panel for a "Valor Before Freedom" exhibit that starts with the American Revolutionary period. Which figure is most commonly recognized as a Black man killed in the Boston Massacre and often cited as an early casualty of the struggle for American independence?
   Crispus Attucks
5. A student summary for the "Valor Before Freedom" quiz states that by the end of World War II, all U.S. Army combat units were fully integrated by race. True or False?
   False
6. You are building a slide on Black leadership in modern U.S. wars and want to note General Colin Powell's role as Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. Which conflict did he help oversee in that position, making him a prominent military voice in the late 20th century?
   War in Afghanistan
7. A military historian tells a class that Henry Ossian Flipper was the first African American to graduate from the U.S. Military Academy at West Point. True or False?
   True
8. A high school teacher designing a "Valor Before Freedom" lesson on aerial combat wants to highlight the most famous group of Black fighter pilots in World War II. Which group should the teacher feature?
   Tuskegee Airmen
9. During a workshop on civil rights in the armed forces, someone states that President Harry Truman's Executive Order 9981 ended legally enforced racial segregation in the U.S. military. True or False?
   True
10. A museum label claims that roughly one in ten Union soldiers who served during the Civil War was a member of the United States Colored Troops. True or False?
    True
11. You are researching milestones in Black military leadership for a "Valor Before Freedom" timeline. Which figure should you highlight as the first African American four-star general in the U.S. Armed Forces, promoted during the Vietnam era?
    Daniel "Chappie" James Jr.
12. For a Black History Month program linking World War II service to the later civil rights movement, you want to describe a campaign that called for victory against both fascism abroad and racism at home. Which slogan captures this idea?
    Double V
13. You are planning a community program on what happened to Black veterans after World War II. Which issue most directly limited many Black veterans' ability to fully benefit from GI Bill education and housing programs?
    Local control and housing bias blocked access
14. For a chronological display in a Black military history gallery, you need to arrange these examples of Black service in the correct order from earliest to most recent. How should they be sequenced?
    Correct order: Service of Black troops in the Revolutionary conflict → Formation of United States Colored Troops in the Civil War → Combat operations of the Harlem Hellfighters in Europe → Korean War service in a newly integrated Army
15. You are highlighting trailblazing Black women in U.S. military history for the "Valor Before Freedom" quiz. Which leader became the first Black woman general in the U.S. Army and later served as Chief of the Army Nurse Corps?
    Hazel Johnson-Brown
16. You are investigating cases where racism delayed the highest military honors for Black service members. Which soldier from a World War I Harlem Hellfighters unit fought off a German raiding party and was only awarded the Medal of Honor many decades later?
    Henry Johnson