Part 2 — Answer key

Compare your answers after you have finished Part 1.

1. When Ferdinand Magellan was killed in the Philippines, which local leader is most associated with the victory at Mactan?
   Lapu-Lapu
2. June 12, 1898 marks the Philippine Declaration of Independence, which is different from the later date of internationally recognized independence after World War II.
   True
3. You find a monument calling someone the “Supremo” of the Katipunan. Who is it referring to?
   Andrés Bonifacio
4. During most of the Spanish colonial period, what city served as the capital of the Philippines?
   Manila
5. A teacher says, “This constitution created the First Philippine Republic at Malolos.” Which constitution is being described?
   Malolos Constitution
6. The 1935 Constitution provided the legal framework for the Commonwealth of the Philippines under U.S. rule.
   True
7. Which treaty ended the Spanish-American War and transferred the Philippines from Spain to the United States?
   Treaty of Paris
8. Where was José Rizal executed, a site later strongly associated with Philippine nationalism?
   Bagumbayan (Luneta)
9. The Philippines was a Japanese colony for centuries before World War II.
   False
10. A documentary shows U.S. ships destroying a Spanish fleet in the Philippines, marking a turning point in 1898. What battle is this?
    Battle of Manila Bay
11. Who became the first President of the Commonwealth of the Philippines?
    Manuel L. Quezon
12. In Katipunan history, “KKK” stands for Kataastaasang Kagalanggalangang Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan.
    True
13. In many precolonial communities, what was the usual title for the local chieftain who led a barangay?
    Datu
14. Which event is most associated with the symbolic tearing of cedulas that signaled open defiance against Spain in 1896?
    Cry of Pugad Lawin
15. Emilio Aguinaldo wrote Noli Me Tangere under a pen name while in Europe.
    False
16. A museum label says, “This date marks the internationally recognized independence of the Philippines after U.S. colonial rule.” Which date is the label describing?
    July 4, 1946
17. The Malolos Constitution asserted that sovereignty resides in the people and included protections similar to a bill of rights.
    True
18. Someone says, “Rizal’s group wanted reforms inside the Spanish system, not immediate armed revolt.” Which movement are they describing?
    Propaganda Movement
19. You read a biography calling someone the “Brains of the Revolution,” known for advising leaders rather than commanding armies. Who fits that description best?
    Apolinario Mabini
20. During Spanish rule, religious orders (friars) held major influence in local governance and controlled large landholdings in many areas.
    True
21. Which publication is most closely associated with Filipino propagandists in Spain and became a key platform for reformist ideas?
    La Solidaridad
22. A memoir describes a pause in fighting where revolutionary leaders accepted money and went into exile in Hong Kong. Which agreement does this describe?
    Pact of Biak-na-Bato
23. Which Katipunan figure is most associated with writing the Kartilya, a guide to the organization’s principles?
    Emilio Jacinto
24. You are comparing primary sources and find a U.S. policy statement framing American rule as a mission to “educate” and “civilize.” Which term is most associated with that idea?
    Benevolent Assimilation
25. The Philippine-American War began after the Philippine Declaration of Independence and involved fighting between Filipino forces and U.S. troops.
    True
26. A tour guide says, “This narrow mountain pass battle became famous for delaying an advancing army during the Philippine-American War.” Which site are they talking about?
    Tirad Pass
27. Which political entity is best known as a powerful Muslim sultanate that shaped trade and diplomacy in the southern Philippines?
    Sultanate of Sulu
28. The Hukbalahap began as an anti-Japanese guerrilla movement during World War II before later becoming associated with postwar unrest.
    True
29. The Bataan Death March happened after Filipino and American forces on Bataan surrendered to Japan in World War II.
    True
30. A timeline shows a Commonwealth president dying in exile during World War II, after which the vice president assumed the presidency. Who became President of the Commonwealth then?
    Sergio Osmeña
31. You are tracing family records and notice many ancestors adopted standardized Spanish-style surnames around the mid-1800s. Which policy is most associated with that mass surname adoption?
    Clavería surname decree
32. The Treaty of Paris that transferred the Philippines after the Spanish-American War was signed between Spain and the Philippines.
    False
33. A reviewer says, “This constitution set up a Commonwealth transition toward self-government under U.S. sovereignty.” Which constitution is being described?
    1935 Constitution
34. Gomburza is remembered as three priests whose execution influenced nationalist thought. Which set of names matches Gomburza?
    Gomez, Burgos, Zamora
35. You read about a leader who continued armed resistance against the United States and even declared a “Tagalog Republic” after the main war phase. Who is being described?
    Macario Sakay
36. Manuel L. Quezon served as president of the First Philippine Republic at Malolos.
    False
37. You are reading about early U.S. civil administration and see references to a commission that set up civil government and expanded public education. Which commission is most associated with that shift?
    Taft Commission
38. The “Republic of Biak-na-Bato” is simply another name for the First Philippine Republic under the Malolos Constitution.
    False
39. A tourist in Bohol hears about a “blood compact” used as a ritual of alliance with Spaniards in the early colonial era. What is this event commonly called?
    Sandugo